Biocarburants

 

24 juin.-11    Dossier Biofuels
10 juin.-11    Dossier spécial microalgues et biocarburants

5 déc.-10    Des microorganismes modifiés pourraient-ils servir à produire des biocarburants ?
12 oct.-10    Going green: biofuels from algae
1 oct.-10    La Chlorelle, micro-algue prometteuse pour le biocarburant
26 sept.-10    Searching in the Microbial World for Efficient Ways to Produce Biofuel
8juin.-10    Slow Going on Cellulosic Biofuels
20mai2009   Banana waste turned into sustainable fuel source
10mai2009   Biofuels vs Biomass Electricity
2mai2009    Biomass energy could be harmful' 
25févr2009    des matières premières non comestibles pour la fabrication de biocarburants
7janv2009   Le biocarburant au jatropha a fait voler un Boeing 747
2déc2008    USA: production de biocarburants à partir d'algues: nouvelles opportunités et nouveaux défis
26nov2008   USA: a weed-powered passenger jet
19nov2008  USA: Biodiesel flight across the U.S
4nov2008    E: Turning waste olive stones into fuel

17sep2008   F: Biocarburants 2ème génération: un projet pour développer une filière
29avr2008    New source for biofuels discovered
4fév2008   Eliminate biofuel or not?
20sep2006  New fuels from bacteria

 

 

 

24 juin.-11    Dossier Biofuels

http://www.nature.com/nature/outlook/biofuels/index.html

Biofuels

Vol. 474 No. 7352_supp ppS1-S43

·         In this Supplement

·         Outlook

·         Collection

·         Podcast

·         Sponsor page

·         Request a free copy

 

·         Biofuels have big boots to fill. After more than 150 years of using petroleum and its products we have become dependent on it. First generation biofuels are showing us both the potential and the pitfalls of this sustainable technology – second and subsequent generations could help us realize a fossil-fuel-free future.



( ... )

Outlook

Top

·        

·         Peter Fairley

Nature474, S2–S5 ()

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·         Duncan Graham-Rowe

Nature474, S6–S8 ()

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·         Neil Savage

Nature474, S9–S11 ()

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·         Katharine Sanderson

Nature474, S12–S14 ()

·        

·         Neil Savage

Nature474, S15–S16 ()

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·         Jeremy Martin

Nature474, S17 ()

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·         Natasha Gilbert

Nature474, S18–S19 ()

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·         Lee R. Lynd & Jeremy Woods

Nature474, S20-S21 ()

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·         Martin Robbins

Nature474, S22–S24 ()

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·         Marcia Moraes

Nature474, S25 ()

Collection

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·         Scott R. Loarie,

·         David B. Lobell,

·         Gregory P. Asner,

·         Qiaozhen Mu &

·         Christopher B. Field

Nature Climate Change1, 105-109 ()

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·         Eric J. Steen,

·         Yisheng Kang,

·         Gregory Bokinsky,

·         Zhihao Hu,

·         Andreas Schirmer

·         + et al

Nature463, 559-562 ()

·        

·         Hal Alper &

·         Gregory Stephanopoulos

Nature Reviews Microbiology 7, 715-723 ()

Podcast

Podcast

·          

·         The next generation of biofuels will be made from the chewy, inedible bits of plants. The Nature Podcast investigates who’s behind them

 

 

 

 

10 juin.-11    Dossier spécial microalgues et biocarburants

http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/66968.htm

Le mois dernier, le BE Espagne présentait, à travers l'article "Les microalgues, une piste prometteuse pour les biocarburants" [1], le potentiel des microalgues pour la production de biocarburant de troisième génération à travers l'exemple des recherches effectuées par l'entreprise BFS BioFuel System basée à Alicante.

Ce mois-ci encore, plusieurs expériences sur les microalgues ont été relevées par la presse espagnole, preuve d'un intérêt accru pour cette prometteuse source d'énergie dans laquelle l'Espagne s'implique de plus en plus. Parmi les récentes initiatives, on peut noter la création d'une plateforme expérimentale sur l'aéroport de Barajas, l'adaptation de la centrale thermique de Carboneras ou encore le projet européen EnerBioAlgae développé conjointement par des scientifiques français, espagnols et portugais en Galice et au Portugal.

Dans ces trois cas détaillés ci-dessous, l'objectif est double : capturer du CO2 et produire du biocarburant.

=> Une plateforme expérimentale installée sur l'aéroport de Madrid

600.000 euros seront consacrés au projet de production de biocarburant à partir de microalgues, qui devrait démarrer à l'aéroport de Madrid au mois de juin 2011. L'initiative présentée par l'Institut de Biochimie Végétale et Photosynthèse de Séville a été soutenue par le secrétaire d'état aux transports ainsi que les présidents d'Aena (aéroports espagnols et navigation aérienne, d'Ibéria et d'AlgaEnergy [2].

Ce centre d'expérimentation situé au terminal T4 et géré par AlgaEnergy, se consacrera à l'amélioration des technologies de capture de CO2 provenant des installations aéroportuaires dans le but de cultiver des microalgues destinées à la production de biomasse. Repsol, en tant qu'actionnaire et membre technique d'AlgaEnergy se chargera de la transformation de ces algues en biocarburant.

La plateforme technologique sera approvisionnée avec de l'eau distillée en provenance de l'épurateur d'Iberia et utilisera le CO2 provenant des installations d'Aena et du banc d'essais de moteurs d'Ibéria. Elle servira de fournisseur de biomasse aux membres du programme CENIT-VIDA "Valorización Integral de micro Algas" mené par Iberdrola et permettra aussi de développer les brevets des procédés biologiques qu'AlgaEnergy a obtenu du CSIC (équivalent du CNRS français). Les universités de Séville et d'Almeria, pionnières mondiales dans ce domaine participeront aux expériences et processus d'obtention des objectifs de la plateforme.

=> Lancement de la seconde phase de développement pour l'usine pilote de microalgues au sein de la centrale thermique de Carboneras appartenant à Endesa

Sur une surface de 1.000 m2 autour de la centrale thermique à charbon du village côtier de Carboneras, dans la région d'Alméria, Endesa a installé une usine pilote de microalgues, cultivées avec le CO2 généré par la combustion du charbon de la centrale.

Commencé en 2006, le projet baptisé CenitCO2, est mené par Endesa, grande entreprise espagnole de distribution d'électricité et de gaz, et soutenu par le ministère de la science et de l'innovation, et compte avec la participation de l'université d'Alméria ainsi que les centres de développement technologique Leia de Navarre et Aitemin de Madrid (Association pour la recherche et le développement industriel des ressources naturels) [3]. Une partie du projet est financé par le CDTI (Centre pour le développement technologique industriel).

L'usine utilise une technologie brevetée par Endesa concernant l'apport de CO2 en milieu aqueux. En effet, les algues sont nourries par plusieurs tubes leur apportant chacun les éléments nécessaires à leur croissance : nutriments, air atmosphérique, eau et CO2. Dans le cas de la centrale thermique de Carboneras, le CO2, directement prélevé à la zone de combustion de la centrale est injecté dans la zone de culture avec de l'eau de mer. La première phase de développement du projet consistait notamment, outre le fait de mettre en marche l'usine et de sélectionner des microorganismes d'eau salée, à démontrer le potentiel de survie des algues sans présence d'eau purifiée.

L'injection du gaz en milieu aqueux augmenterait même la voracité des algues. Toute la production est automatisée. Sur les 15 bioréacteurs actuellement en fonction, un panneau de contrôle mesure, tous les 3 réacteurs, le pH et la température au sein de ceux-ci pour contrôler l'arriver des nutriments. Quand le pH de l'eau augmente, cela signifie que les plantes ont faim et ont consommé tout le CO2. La température de croissance optimale est de 30 degrés.

Dans la seconde phase initiée mi mai, de nouvelles zones de cultures mais aussi une biorafinerie vont s'implanter sur 1.000 m2 supplémentaires autour de la centrale pour permettre la production de biodiesel, de bioéthanol, de fertilisants et autres produits dérivés. En laboratoire, il a déjà été démontré qu'il est possible d'obtenir de chaque type d'algue un composé chimique déterminé et un produit final différent.

L'objectif est de trouver l'algue, qui, capture la plus grande quantité de CO2 par unité de surface: entre 300 et 600 tonnes de CO2 par hectare et par jour. L'usine de Carboneras produit 32.000 MWh et émet 850 kg de CO2 par MWh. Sur cette installation pilote, chaque kg de microalgues coûte 5 centimes et il faudrait atteindre un coût de 0.5 centimes/kg pour qu'elle soit rentable.

Selon les estimations d'Endesa, l'Espagne, et plus particulièrement la région d'Alméria possèdent un grand potentiel pour la culture de microalgues. Il serait possible de produire entre 130 et 300 kg d'huile de biodiesel par hectare et par jour.

=> Le projet EnerBioAlgae promeut la culture de microalgues en eaux contaminées

Des scientifiques espagnols, français et portugais collaborent sur le projet EnerBioAlguae [4] qui prétend renforcer le rendement énergétique des territoires en résolvant la problématique environnementale liée aux ressources en eau dégradée.

Le projet EnerBioAlgae représente une proposition intégrant la protection et la conservation de l'environnement, la lutte contre le changement climatique, la diversification des sources de ravitaillement énergétique, le développement ainsi que l'exploitation d'énergies alternatives et la protection de la biodiversité.

Lancé en janvier 2011, le projet devrait s'achever en décembre 2012 et compte sur un budget de 600.000 euros financés à 75% par des fonds communautaires.

Ce projet auquel participent des chercheurs des universités de Vigo et d'Alméria pour l'Espagne, de l'université d'Aveiro pour le Portugal et de Pau et du Pays de l'Adour pour la France, ainsi que l'Institut énergétique Inega de Galice, consiste en :
- Affiner le système de production de biomasse algal à des fins énergétiques pour améliorer le rendement de la productivité des cultures.
- Identifier et exploiter des ressources en eau dégradée avec une charge inorganique élevée ainsi qu'un fort potentiel énergétique. La zone d'action sera concentrée sur la Galice (Espagne) et Aveiro (Portugal).
- Développer des technologies d'instrumentation pour le suivi et le contrôle en ligne des cultures énergétiques.
- Optimiser la qualité du biodiesel à base de microalgues (en respectant la réglementation européenne) pour stimuler les investissements publics et privés.
- Evaluer et démontrer la viabilité technique, économique et environnementale des technologies développées et du procédé mis à point.

Grâce à ce projet, des espaces dégradés pourront être revalorisés par la culture d'algues à but énergétique.

--

[2] AlgaEnergy : Compagnie du sector des biotechnologies des microalgues créées en 2007, dont les deux principaux actionnaires et membres technologiques sont Repsol (principale entreprise pétrolière d'Espagne et Iberdrola (electricien, leader mondial en énergie éolienne et premier groupe d'énergie en Espagne) http://www.algaenergy.es/

Mentions légales : BE Espagne numéro 105 (6/06/2011) - Ambassade de France en Espagne / ADIT - http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/66968.htm

 

 

5 déc.-10    Des microorganismes modifiés pourraient-ils servir à produire des biocarburants ?

Contact: Sylvain-Jacques Desjardins
s-j.desjardins@concordia.ca
514-848-2424 x5068
Concordia University

Une étude de l'Université Concordia publiée dans la revue Microbial Cell Factories
 
Montréal, le 1 décembre 2010 – Le microorganisme Lactococcus lactis est une bactérie polyvalente : en plus de faciliter la transformation du lait en fromage, il pourrait contribuer à expliquer le rôle des microbes dans la conversion de la cellulose en biocarburants.
 
En effet, selon une étude menée à l'Université Concordia et publiée dans la revue Microbial Cell Factories, cette bactérie – une fois modifiée – pourrait convertir la matière végétale en biocarburants ou en d'autres composés chimiques.
 
Le professeur de biologie Vincent Martin et le doctorant avancé Andrew S. Wieczorek, tous deux de l'Université Concordia, ont ainsi démontré qu'il est possible de modifier les protéines d'échafaudage ou de structure à la surface du Lactococcus lactis pour qu'elles décomposent les végétaux. Ils ont aussi établi que les protéines d'échafaudage peuvent offrir un cadre extracellulaire stable à l'activité chimique, notamment la transformation de matière végétale en biocarburants.
 
« C'est la première fois qu'une étude montre que les protéines d'échafaudage peuvent être sécrétées et isolées à la surface cellulaire du Lactococcus, ce qui représente un tournant pour nous, a expliqué le Pr Martin, titulaire d'une chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique et génie microbiens. L'exportation de ces protéines et leur localisation extracellulaire pourraient servir à améliorer le rendement de processus biologiques ou la décomposition de matières organiques. »
 
Par ailleurs, l'étude a révélé que les protéines d'échafaudage du Lactococcus semblent être en mesure de se lier à plusieurs composés; c'est là un axe de recherche prometteur.
« Dans la prochaine étape de notre travail, nous tenterons de construire des échafaudages plus vastes et plus complexes qui favoriseront des processus biologiques variés et pourront ainsi mener à la production rentable de carburants », a ajouté le Pr Martin.
 

###

 

Partenaires de recherche : Cette étude a été financée par le Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada, la Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation et le Fonds québécois de recherche sur la nature et les technologies.
 
À propos de l'étude : L'étude « Engineering the cell surface display of cohesins for assembly of cellulosome-inspired enzyme complexes on Lactococcus lactis » est parue dans Microbial Cell Factories. Elle est le fruit d'une collaboration entre Andrew S. Wieczorek et Vincent Martin de l'Université Concordia.
 
Sur le Web :

·                   Étude parue dans Microbial Cell Factories : http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/9/1/69

·                   Université Concordia : www.concordia.ca

·                   Département de biologie de l'Université : http://clone.concordia.ca/bioweb


 
Source :
Sylvain-Jacques Desjardins
Conseiller principal – Relations médias
Service des communications
Université Concordia
Téléphone : 514 848-2424, poste 5068
Courriel : s-j.desjardins@concordia.ca
Twitter : http://twitter.com/concordianews
Actualités de Concordia : http://now.concordia.ca

 

12 oct.-10    Going green: biofuels from algae

http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/dimensions/issue4/algae.html

The oil produced by microalgae could be just the thing for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.

This photo shows harvested algae. Researchers aim to use local varieties of microalgae with the best characteristics for biofuel production.  Local strains are likely to be the best adapted to Canada’s environmental conditions. Using them would also minimize the risk of importing a potentially invasive species.This photo shows harvested algae. Researchers aim to use local varieties of microalgae with the best characteristics for biofuel production. Local strains are likely to be the best adapted to Canada’s environmental conditions. Using them would also minimize the risk of importing a potentially invasive species.

 

Mention the word “algae,” and many people think “pond scum.” Well, it’s time for a major rethink. Single-celled microalgae contain oils similar to the vegetable oils that have already been successfully used as biofuels. And this algal oil may well be the greenest solution available to reduce the carbon footprint we leave every time we drive a car, buy fruit trucked from far away, or travel by air.

What makes algal oil “green” ?

Compared with fossil fuels, the benefits of algal oil are dramatic. Fossil fuels contain carbon that was locked away in the Earth millions of years ago. When we burn fossil fuel, this ancient carbon is released back into the atmosphere, adding to the overall carbon load. Microalgae, on the other hand, consume carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere as they grow. As a result, algal fuel would not add to net carbon emissions.
 
Unlike other biofuel sources such as corn, microalgae do not require the diversion of farmland from food production. In fact, an ideal scenario in Canada would be to cultivate microalgae in municipal wastewater, which is rich in fertilizers like ammonia and phosphates. Carbon dioxide could be diverted from industrial flue stacks to provide the carbon source. No other source of biofuel could be grown in this way.
This is a win-win situation on many levels. The microalgae would turn something bad (CO2, ammonia and phosphates) into something useful (oil, animal feed, fertilizers). Plus, the community would be able to purchase “local” oil.
 
Because microalgae grow so rapidly, harvesting can take place in a matter of weeks compared with the months that other biofuel crops take to mature. And the clincher is that a microalgae crop can produce up to 20 times more oil.
 

Algae: a carbon neutral fuel

 

Not all microalgae are created equal, so the search is on for strains native to North America that will be good oil producers. And who better to do the headhunting than a team from the NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences (NRC-IMB) at Ketch Harbour, Nova Scotia, which has conducted algae research for the past 50 years. According to Dr. Patrick McGinn of NRC-IMB, who is the lead scientist on this search, the ideal microalgae candidates are hardy species with a prodigious growth rate, low appeal to predators and good oil concentration. Bonus points are given for traits that help a species thrive in Canada’s climate: cold tolerance and efficiency in capturing light for growth.
 
The production side of algal oil is full of challenges for our engineers and aquaculturists. No manual exists yet for “farming” microalgae on a massive scale. Yet this is precisely what is needed for algal oil to become a viable fuel alternative that can put a dent in Canada’s daily 2.2–million-barrel oil habit. Once the microalgae are harvested, their oil is extracted and then refined into fuel. Each step requires innovations in large-scale, cost-effective processing methods and equipment. For use in jets, a new process for creating a biofuel from microalgal oils has recently been developed by industry. Samples of this fuel have already been tested in commercial aircraft. “So we know that fuel from algae is possible,” says Dr. McGinn. “The key challenge is scale.”
 

Microalgae can be grown and harvested in open ponds. Photo credit: Seambiotic. Microalgae can be grown and harvested in open ponds. Photo credit: Seambiotic.

What the future holds

The challenges are huge, but the prognosis is good, according to Dr. McGinn. His team is well on the road to isolating some super oil-producing algae strains. And once the algae are in place, he believes they will be a big driver for innovation. Dr. McGinn foresees the necessary engineering solutions following quickly. “Fuel from microalgae may be a viable alternative in five to ten years, and an everyday reality within two decades.” 

Microalgae 101

Microalgae are microscopic, single-celled forms of algae that can only be seen with a microscope. They are one of the earliest life forms to have developed on Earth, with fossil evidence dated to 3.5 billion years ago. During their long association with our planet, microalgae have been exceedingly busy. They are credited with producing most of the oxygen in our atmosphere, and from their lowly position at the bottom of the food chain, they have been pivotal in the feeding of just about everything else. That’s pretty impressive for a bunch of minute, plant-like organisms.
 
The biodiversity of microalgae is immense, with about 35,000 species identified so far. That’s barely the tip of the iceberg, though — there could be as many as a million different species. Microalgae are ubiquitous and adaptable. They’re found in fresh, brackish and sea waters, and can live in extreme environments ranging from ice and snow to mineral hot springs.

 

1 oct.-10    la chlorelle, micro-algue prometteuse pour le biocarburant

http://www.enerzine.com/6/10400+chlorelle-micro-algue-prometteuse-pour-le-biocarburant+.html

 

L'analyse du génome complet de la Chlorelle, une micro-algue prometteuse pour la production de biocarburant, a été réalisée par le laboratoire Information Génomique et Structurale du CNRS, à la tête d'une collaboration internationale, mêlant laboratoires américains et japonais(1).

La connaissance détaillée du génome de cette algue, également très utilisée comme complément alimentaire, va permettre d'en rationaliser son utilisation industrielle. Cette analyse révèle également des surprises au plan fondamental : elle suggère que la Chlorelle pourrait avoir un cycle sexuel (ce qui était passé jusqu'ici inaperçu) et qu'un virus lui a probablement transmis la capacité, unique chez les algues, de synthétiser une paroi cellulaire riche en chitine (2).

Ces travaux sont publiés en ligne sur le site de la revue The Plant Cell.

Les micro-algues constituent des cibles de choix pour la recherche sur les biocarburants. Au premier plan des sources alternatives de biodiesel, leur culture présente l'avantage incontestable, par rapport aux plantes terrestres oléagineuses, de ne pas entrer en compétition avec les surfaces cultivées nécessaires à l'alimentation humaine.

Produire des carburants à partir d'eau, de lumière solaire et de gaz carbonique atmosphérique, apparaît comme une solution miracle qui suscite de nombreux programmes de recherche depuis les années 70.

Chlorella est particulièrement intéressante pour le développement de biodiesel de seconde génération grâce à sa forte teneur en lipides (elle est composée seulement de 30 % de matière sèche)
. Si plusieurs génomes d'algues vertes (chlorophytes) ont déjà été séquencés (Chlamydomonas, Micromonas ou Ostreicoccus), celui de Chlorella, pourtant plus importante économiquement par son utilisation déjà ancienne comme complément alimentaire, n'avait jusqu'ici jamais été réalisé.

L'analyse du génome de la Chlorelle, dirigée par Guillaume Blanc, chercheur au CNRS prédit 9.791 gènes de protéines, un total comparable à celui de sa cousine Micromonas. Ces nouvelles données génomiques vont permettre de mieux rationaliser l'utilisation de la Chlorelle dans différents processus industriels.

L'analyse comparative des différents génomes d'algues vertes maintenant connus a permis de brosser un portrait génétique de leur ancêtre commun. Celui-ci semble avoir déjà possédé la plupart des voies de biosynthèse des phytohormones nécessaires au développement et à la croissance des plantes terrestres.

D'une manière inattendue, l'analyse du génome de la Chlorelle a également révélé de nombreux gènes gouvernant la synthèse de protéines de flagelles, ce qui suggère que cette espèce pourrait être dotée d'un cycle sexuel passé jusqu'ici inaperçu.

Dernière surprise de taille : la capacité des Chlorelles de synthétiser la chitine aurait été héritée d'un virus (lui-même doté d'une chitinase (3)) s'assurant par là même l'exclusivité de son hôte par rapport aux autres virus incapables d'en percer la carapace. Ce scénario de « monopole » illustre un nouveau mode de co-évolution entre les virus et leurs hôtes.

[ Photo ci-haut :  « Gazon » de l'algue Chlorelle sur une boite de Pétri, montrant des petites « plaques » circulaires (petits cercles décolorés) révélatrices de la présence d'un virus. 1999-2000, James L. Van Etten , University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Department of Plant Pathology ].
Notes :

(1) L'Institut de génomique du Département de l'Energie (Walnut Creek, Californie), l'Université du Nebraska (Lincoln, Nebraska), l'Institut de Technologie de Georgie (Atlanta, Georgie), l'université de la Ville de New-York (Brooklyn), l'université d'Hiroshima (Japon).
(2) Un des principaux composants de l'exosquelette des insectes et autres arthropodes, et de la paroi cellulaire de quelques espèces de champignons. Cette substance n'avait encore jamais été rencontrée dans la lignée verte (les plantes).
(3) La chitinase est un enzyme capable de dégrader spécifiquement la chitine.

Références :

Chlorella variabilis NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses and Cryptic Sex

Guillaume Blanc, Garry Duncan, Irina Agarkova, Mark Borodovsky, James Gurnon, Alan Kuo, Erika Lindquist, Susan Lucas, Jasmyn Pangilinan, Juergen Polle, Asaf Salamov, Astrid Terry, Takashi Yamada, David D. Dunigan, Igor V. Grigoriev, Jean-Michel Claverie, James L. Van Etten.
The Plant Cell (in press)

 

 

 

26 sept.-10    Searching in the Microbial World for Efficient Ways to Produce Biofuel

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100922.htm

With the help of genetic materials from a cow's rumen, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists are developing new ways to break down plant fibers for conversion into biofuel.


To convert corn stover and switchgrass into biofuel, the plant fibers must first be broken down into sugars. But cell wall polymers are cross-linked in various ways that make them very resistant to breaking down, according to
Dominic Wong, a chemist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Western Regional Research Center, in Albany, Calif. ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of USDA, and this research supports the USDA priority of developing new sources of bioenergy.


Previous studies have shown that a special group of enzymes known as feruloyl esterases (FAEs) are capable of breaking apart key links between the polymers, and that the enzymes are produced by certain types of microbes that degrade plant materials. Wong collected the microbial population from a cow's rumen, and screened their genetic compositions to find genes that produce FAE enzymes.


Working with scientific partners at
Cargill, Wong has isolated, sequenced and cloned 12 genes capable of being introduced into Escherichia coli for production of the enzymes, which can then be used to break loose the polymeric network in the plant cell wall. Wong and the Cargill team have filed a provisional patent application on the FAE genes and enzymes.


In addition to increasing the efficiency of biomass conversion to biofuel, the enzymes could also be used to enhance the digestibility and the nutritional qualities of animal feeds, aid in the development of nutritional supplements, and prove useful in the development of other value-added products.

 

8juin.-10    Slow Going on Cellulosic Biofuels
 
http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/25471/
 

ZeaChem starts construction in Oregon, but plans elsewhere have stalled or been scaled back.

By Kevin Bullis

ZeaChem, based in Lakewood, CO, has begun construction of a 250,000-gallon-per-year demonstration plant in Boardman, OR, that will produce chemicals from sugar and eventually ethanol from wood and other cellulosic materials.
 
Initially, the ZeaChem plant will convert sugar into ethyl acetate, a solvent used in making paints and in decaffeinating coffee.
Its technology uses organisms that convert sugars into acetic acid, which can then be made into ethyl acetate. Within a year, ZeaChem plans to add equipment to this process that will allow the production of cellulosic ethanol. This includes a thermochemical process that breaks down wood, converting cellulose into sugars which can then be fed to the ethyl acetate-producing organisms. The process of breaking down the wood leaves behind a residue of lignin, which ZeaChem gasifies to make hydrogen. The hydrogen is then used to convert ethyl acetate into ethanol.
 
The plant is scheduled to begin producing both ethyl acetate and ethanol by next year. ZeaChem hopes to start construction on a 25 to 50 million gallon per year commercial cellulosic ethanol plant by 2012, says CEO Jim Imbler, but only after starting up a commercial ethyl-acetate plant.
 
ZeaChem's plans to put off making biofuels reflect the economic challenges that have kept large-scale commercial cellulosic ethanol production from proceeding
as fast as many expected. A renewable fuel standard signed into law in late 2007 requires the use of 100 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol in the United States this year and will ramp up to 16 billion gallons by 2022. But so far no commercial plants are operating, according to the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a leading trade group representing biofuel companies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced in February that it was scaling back the mandates to just 6.5 million gallons, which could be supplied by existing small-scale demonstration plants and new plants expected to open this year. That's up from approximately 3.5 million gallons produced in 2009. The renewable fuel standard requires 250 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol to be used next year, but BIO estimates that about 30 million gallons will be produced at planned plants. The EPA plans to announce any revisions to next year's requirement by November.
 
Several companies have had to delay or scale back plans for cellulosic ethanol plants. For example,
Range Fuels, based in Broomfield, CO, announced in 2007 that it expected to open a 20-million-gallon-per-year commercial facility in 2008, but it's pushed that back to this year and reduced the capacity to 10 million gallons. "The economic downturn severely constrained progress on commercializing cellulosic biofuels," says Range Fuels CEO David Aldous. "The downturn restricted access to capital, which put a number of commercial cellulosic biofuels plants that had been announced in 2008 on hold."
 
Mascoma, based in Lebanon, NH, has built a 200,000-gallon-per-year demonstration plant in New York, but it was initially intended to have a capacity of about half a million gallons per year. Plans for a plant that would produce 20 to 40 million gallons a year in Michigan are being delayed from 2012 to 2013 because of trouble securing financing, in spite of government help.
 
ZeaChem's Imbler says the recession is actually helping in some ways, by decreasing the costs of materials and making it easier to hire good workers. The company's strategy for making the business a financial success and attracting investment for commercial scale plants is to start by producing ethyl acetate, which "takes about half the equipment and sells for twice the price of ethanol, so it's an ideal starter product," he says. Other biofuels companies are taking a similar approach--looking for high value products to offset high costs, at least initially. ZeaChem plans to incorporate the technology into an existing corn ethanol plant for commercial production of ethyl acetate. "If all goes well, that plant could be in operation by the end of next year," he says. A stand-alone commercial cellulosic ethanol plant would follow. It could switch between selling acetic acid, ethyl acetate, or ethanol, depending on the market.

 

20/5    Banana waste turned into sustainable fuel source

You've heard of "green" fuel. Now get ready for yellow as scientists have found a way to turn banana waste into a sustainable fuel source that could be relevant to many countries across Africa.

Banana waste

Rotting banana skins are mashed into a pulp, then mixed with saw dust

 The simple, low-tech idea, was developed by researchers at Nottingham University.
 
They used banana skins to create briquettes that can be burned for cooking, lighting and heating.
 
It could alleviate the burden of gathering firewood, the dominant energy source in many parts of the continent.
 
This would help reduce deforestation, which makes a significant contribution to global climate change.
 
Go yellow
 
In some African countries, like Rwanda, bananas are an important and versatile crop, used for food, wine and beer.
 
But experts estimate that the edible fruit makes up just a small part of what the plant produces.

 

The banana skins bind other materials together really well, they act like glue

Joel Chaney, Nottingham University

According to scientists, for every one tonne of bananas, there are an estimated ten tonnes of waste, made up of skins, leaves and stems.
 
It was on a visit to Rwanda that Joel Chaney, a PhD student from the University of Nottingham came up with the idea of developing a low-tech approach to turn this banana waste into an efficient fuel source.
 
Back in the laboratory at the University's faculty of engineering, Joel showed me how to make bananas burn.
 
He first mashes a pile of rotting skins and leaves. This pulp is then mixed with saw dust, compressed and dried to create briquettes that ignite readily and throw out a steady heat, ideal for cooking.
 
"The banana skins bind other materials together really well, they act like glue," says Mr Chaney.  

Banana briquettes

The banana mixture dries into briquettes which can be burned on a stove


"We can then either form the material into a ball by hand, or use a press to squeeze the materials together and squeeze the liquid out.
 
"Once we've pressed them we can lay the briquettes outside in the sun, and within about two weeks we have some dried fuel."
 
The emphasis of the project has been on developing a simple technology that can be used in developing countries without the need for a large financial outlay.
 
Over the years there have been many attempts to develop new stoves and fuel sources in Africa that have failed because they were too expensive or did not take on board local needs.

These briquettes are made by hand, we haven't used any mechanical equipment at all

Mike Clifford, Nottingham University

 
Mike Clifford is associate professor in the department of engineering at Nottingham. Standing around a stove in the laboratory that's using banana briquettes to boil water, he says he is really pleased with the project.
 
"This is working really well. These briquettes we've made by hand, we haven't used any mechanical equipment at all. No technology and we've had a really good result," he says.
 
"We're starting from very basic problems and we are making the solutions as simple and accessible as possible to the people that need them.
 
"It's almost seen as a new colonialism, imposing solutions on people in developing countries, we are very keen not to do that."
 
Saving firewood
 
The scientists believe that banana fuel might help reduce dependence on wood as an energy source across Africa.

Banana briquettes

The briquettes are easily made, no machinery is required

 
In some of the continent's biggest banana-producing countries like Rwanda, Tanzania and Burundi, more than 80% of current energy needs are met from burning wood.
 
This has a very damaging impact on the environment leading to deforestation which contributes to climate change. Gathering wood for fuel is also a time consuming job, mainly done by women.
 
"In some areas wood fuel is getting depleted and you are getting deforestation. Women sometimes have to walk over six hours a day to get firewood," says Joel Chaney.
 
"This is a way to use waste from crops like bananas, to make them burn in a better way because loose residue most often just burns too rapidly.
 
"Imagine just putting some straw onto your fire at home. It just goes up in flames, you can't cook food over it, while the briquettes provide a way to cook food in a much better way."
 
The Nottingham researchers say their low-tech approach is a small step along the way of meeting the millennium goals and helping people out of poverty.
 
They say that they are happy to give the idea away for free and are encouraging people who want to use the idea to get in touch

 

10/5   Biofuels vs Biomass Electricity

http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22628/?nlid=2012

Findings show that turning biomass into electricity is more beneficial than turning it into transportation fuels.

A study published today in Science concludes that, on average, using biomass to produce electricity is 80 percent more efficient than transforming the biomass into biofuel. In addition, the electricity option would be twice as effective at reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. The results imply that investment in an ethanol infrastructure, even if based on more efficient cellulosic processes, may prove misguided. The study was done by a collaboration between researchers at Stanford University, the Carnegie Institute of Science, and the University of California, Merced.
 
There's also the potential, according to the study, of capturing and storing the carbon dioxide emissions from power plants that use switchgrass, wood chips, and other biomass materials as fuel--an option that doesn't exist for burning ethanol. Biomass, even though it releases CO2 when burned, overall produces less carbon dioxide than do fossil fuels because plants grown to replenish the resource are assumed to reabsorb those emissions. Capture those combustion emissions instead and sequester them underground, and it would "result in a carbon-negative energy source that removes CO2 from the atmosphere," according to the study.
 
The researchers based their findings on scenarios developed under the Biofuel Analysis Meta-Model (EBAMM) created at the University of California, Berkeley. The analysis covered a range of harvested crops, including corn and switchgrass, and a number of different energy-conversion technologies. Data collected were applied to electric and combustion-engine versions of four vehicle types--small car, midsize car, small SUV, and large SUV--and their operating efficiencies during city and highway driving.
 
The study accounted for the energy required to convert the biomass into ethanol and electricity, as well as for the energy intensiveness of manufacturing and disposing of each vehicle type. Bioelectricity far outperformed ethanol under most scenarios, although the two did achieve similar distances when the electric vehicles--specifically the small car and large SUV--weren't designed for efficient highway driving.
 
The potential is even greater for the bioelectricity option because under the EBAMM model, "we did not account for heat as a [usable] by-product, which would make the electricity pathway even more advantageous," says Elliott Campbell, lead author on the study and an assistant professor at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, part of the University of California, Merced.
 
Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University, conducted a similar but much broader study released in December that focused more on the environmental effects of various energy options. He doesn't support using biomass for either electricity generation or ethanol production but says that he isn't surprised to find that the ethanol option performed worst.
 
Burning biomass, says Jacobson, "is not necessarily an efficient way of generating electricity, but it's more efficient than making biofuel." It just makes sense, he adds: "Electric vehicles are four to five times more efficient than combustion vehicles."
 
But Vincent Chornet, president of Montreal-based cellulosic ethanol producer Enerkem, says that it would be a mistake to pick winners: there's room for both options. In places where the infrastructure isn't capable of supporting the mass charging of electric cars, next-generation biofuels are the only other option, he says. Adding biofuels also offers a solution for air travel and heavy transportation that electricity and the current state of battery technology can't address.

 
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl
 
 

Published Online May 7, 2009
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1168885

 


2/5   Biomass energy could be harmful

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7997398.stm

Biomass power - such as burning wood for energy - could do more harm than good in the battle to reduce greenhouse gases, the Environment Agency warns.  

Ploughing up pasture to plant energy crops could produce more CO2 by 2030 than burning fossil fuels, if not done in a sustainable way, it said. Its study found waste wood and MDF produced the lowest emissions, unlike willow, poplar and oil seed rape. Biomass energy could be harmful

The EA wants biomass companies to report all greenhouse gas emissions.

The agency is calling on the government to introduce mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from publicly-subsidised biomass facilities, to help work out if minimum standards need to be introduced.

Wood-burning stoves, boilers and even power stations are seen by many as critical to Britain's renewable energy targets.

Biomass is considered low carbon as long as what is burnt is replaced by new growth, and harvesting and transport do not use too much fuel.

Role to play'

The EA's report reiterated the belief that biomass had the potential to play a "major role" in producing low carbon, renewable energy to help meet future energy needs and help cut greenhouse gas emissions.

But the report Biomass: Carbon Sink or Carbon Sinner also found that the greenhouse gas emission savings from such fuels were currently highly variable.

At its best, biomass could produce as little as 27kg of CO2 (equivalent) per megawatt hour - 98% less than coal, saving around two million tonnes of CO2 every year.

   “ Biomass is a limited resource, and we must make sure it is not wasted on inefficient generators ” Tony Grayling Environment Agency

However, the study also found that in some cases overall emissions could be higher than those of fossil fuels.

This was particularly true where energy crops were planted on permanent grassland, it said.

Tony Grayling, head of climate change and sustainable development at the Environment Agency, said biomass could play a role in helping the UK meet its renewable energy targets.

But he argued the credibility of biomass rested on tough sustainability criteria and called on biomass projects to combine heat and power production.

Biomass is a limited resource, and we must make sure it is not wasted on inefficient generators that do not take advantage of the emissions savings to be made from combined heat and power," he said.  

"By 2030, biomass fuels will need to be produced using good practice simply to keep up with the average carbon intensity of the electricity grid."

He added: "The government should ensure that good practice is rewarded and that biomass production and use that does more harm than good to the environment does not benefit from public support."

 

25/2    des matières premières non comestibles pour la fabrication de biocarburants
http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/57858.htm
 
Les parties non comestibles des fruits et légumes que nous avons coutume de jeter à la poubelle pourraient, dans une dizaine d'années, remplacer les combustibles fossiles et contribuer à sauver notre planète. Ainsi, l'Université de Nottingham montre l'exemple en développant des carburants durables produits à partir de matières premières issues de cultures non alimentaires, des déchets industriels et agricoles ou encore des produits et parties non comestibles des récoltes.

L'Université de Nottingham est à la tête de deux des six projets de recherche financés par le Sustainable Bioenergy Centre (Centre pour la bioénergie durable) du BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council : conseil de recherche en biotechnologie et sciences biologiques). Des experts en microbiologie et science du brassage de l'Université de Nottingham mèneront ces deux projets de recherche d'une durée de cinq ans chacun, portant l'un sur la production d'éthanol et l'autre sur celle du butanol à partir de matière végétale non comestible. Katherine Smart, professeur à la faculté de biosciences (School of Biosciences) et experte mondiale en fermentation, dirigera une équipe de chercheurs dans l'espoir de développer des levures capables de briser les parois des cellules végétales, permettant alors de rompre les parties inutilisables et non-comestibles des plantes telles que la peau et les tiges, pour produire de l'éthanol.

Le professeur Smart et son équipe collaboreront avec l'Université de Bath, l'Université de Surrey, BP, bioéthanol Ltd, Briggs of Burton, British Sugar, Coors Brewers, DSM, Ethanol Technology, HGCA, Pursuit Dynamics, SAB Miller et le Scottish Whisky Research Institute. Selon elle : "Le gouvernement est déterminé à remplacer les carburants actuels. On peut déjà acheter de l'essence mélangée à environ 5% d'éthanol, mais dans la mesure où cet éthanol est importé, il est important que la Grande-Bretagne renforce sa sécurité énergétique."

Le second projet concerne la production de butanol. Les bactéries permettant d'obtenir le butanol appartiennent à la famille des bactéries Clostridium. Nigel Minton, professeur de microbiologie moléculaire appliquée, et expert dans la modification génétique des bactéries Clostridium, va développer un processus pour la production à grande échelle de butanol grâce au développement de microbes capables de convertir les déchets végétaux en butanol.

Le butanol a bien des avantages sur l'éthanol. Il a un contenu énergétique plus élevé, est plus facile à transporter, peut être mélangé avec de l'essence à des concentrations beaucoup plus élevées et pourrait être utilisé comme carburant d'aviation. Le professeur Minton, déclare : "Nous sommes focalisés sur le Saint-Graal de la recherche sur les biocarburants : développer des bactéries capables de convertir la paroi cellulaire végétale non alimentaire en essence supérieure de remplacement, le butanol. Si vous m'aviez demandé il y a quelques années si cela était possible je vous aurais dit non. Cependant, mon équipe vient de mettre au point les meilleures technologies au monde qui nous permettront de générer les souches de Clostridium nécessaires."

Les recherches seront menées en collaboration de l'Université de Newcastle et du TMO Renewables Ltd. Des chercheurs de toutes disciplines (chimistes, ingénieurs, microbiologistes, mathématiciens et spécialistes de la fermentation) seront impliqués dans ces deux programmes de recherche.

Mentions légales: BE Royaume-Uni numéro 93 (19/02/2009) - Ambassade de France au Royaume-Uni / ADIT - http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/57858.htm
 

 

7/1    Le biocarburant au jatropha a fait voler un Boeing 747

http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/news/t/developpement-durable-1/d/le-biocarburant-au-jatropha-a-fait-voler-un-boeing-747_17838/

Préparé de longue date par Air New Zealand et Boeing, le premier vol d'un avion alimenté – en partie – par un biocarburant tiré du jatropha s'est déroulé le 30 décembre.

Parti d'Auckland, en Nouvelle-Zélande, le Boeing 747 y est revenu deux heures plus tard au terme d'un vol sans encombre qui était une première mondiale. L'un de ses réservoirs contenait en effet un mélange à parts égales de Jet-A1 (le classique kérosène) et d'un biocarburant tiré d'une plante appelée à devenir célèbre, le jatropha. Ce réservoir alimentait l'un des quatre turboréacteurs Rolls Royce RB211, les trois autres brûlant le carburant habituel.

Depuis 2007, Boeing, Air New Zealand, Rolls-Royce et UOP testent ce biocarburant pour le rendre utilisable sur un avion de ligne à turboréacteurs. Il ressemble beaucoup au biodiesel (ou diester) exploité pour l'automobile mais doit présenter une meilleure tenue à basse température. Le diesel de nos voitures gèle facilement par -50°C, une température courante vers 10.000 mètres d'altitude...

Un vol expérimental

Au mois de novembre, Boeing et Air New Zealand se déclaraient prêts pour un test du biocarburant à jatropha. Le vol a finalement eu lieu le 30 décembre 2008. Tous les tests ont semble-t-il été passés avec succès. L'appareil a atteint 35.000 pieds (un peu plus de 10.000 mètres). Durant la descente, l'équipage a effectué à 8.000 pieds (2.400 mètres) une simulation d'atterrissage manqué, c'est-à-dire une « remise de gaz » puis a posé normalement l'avion, les inverseurs de poussée enclenchés.

Considéré comme une source de biocarburant « de deuxième génération », le jatropha, une plante non comestible et capable de pousser sur des sols secs, n'entrerait pas en compétition avec l'agriculture alimentaire. Air New Zealand dit d'ailleurs avoir soigneusement sélectionné les sources d'approvisionnement. Il est en effet complètement inenvisageable d'alimenter les flottes d'avions de ligne avec des carburants produits sur des terres prises aux cultures vivrières.

Quant au jatropha, sa culture pose tout de même des problèmes sanitaires, car sa sève et ses graines sont extrêmement toxiques pour les animaux et les hommes. De plus, les rendements sur sols très secs ne sont pas excellents et il faudra sans doute penser à arroser les cultures, ce qui défavorise les petites exploitations par rapport aux structures industrielles. Or, cette production à petite échelle est présentée comme un des avantages de la culture du jatropha. Pour l'instant, ce vol est donc surtout une expérience...

 

 

2/12   USA: production de biocarburants à partir d'algues: nouvelles opportunités et nouveaux défis

http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/56731.htm
 
Face aux réactions négatives et aux doutes grandissants vis-à-vis de l'impact des biocarburants de 1ère génération, chercheurs et industries spécialisées se sont penchés sur le potentiel d'un nouveau type de biocarburants dit "avancés" produit à partir de micro-algues.

Les Etats-Unis ont développé deux principales filières de biocarburants de 1ère génération afin de réduire leur dépendance vis-à-vis du pétrole : le bioéthanol obtenu à partir de sucre et de céréales (maïs, blé, betterave...), et le biodiesel à partir d'oléagineux (huile de colza, huile de soja...). Ces deux filières sont aujourd'hui confrontées à des contraintes de disponibilité de la matière première et de concurrence vis-à-vis de la production alimentaire ; à cela s'ajoutent les problèmes de déforestation, d'abus de biocides et d'engrais.

Depuis 2007, l'USDA dispose d'un budget de 1.6 milliard de dollars pour la recherche sur les biocarburants. La loi de 2007 sur la sécurité et l'indépendance énergétique a fixé des objectifs quantitatifs ambitieux avec un volume de production de biocarburants de 9 milliards de gallons pour 2008, objectif qui devrait progressivement passer à 36 milliards de gallons d'ici 2022. Sur ces 36 milliards de gallons, 21 milliards devront provenir de biocarburants "avancés", dont 16 milliards tirés de la biomasse cellulosique et 5 milliards de biocarburants avancés indifférenciés.

Une nouvelle filière de production, qui ne rentre pas en compétition avec les ressources alimentaires, est en phase de développement à partir de micro-algues. Les algues représentent une source très intéressante pour la production de biodiesel, du fait de la teneur importante des cellules en lipides (jusqu'à 50 à 80% de la matière sèche). La production d'huile par unité de surface cultivée pourrait être jusqu'à 600 fois plus élevée que celle obtenue à partir de soja. Les recherches et les développements sont axés en priorité sur les procédés de culture des algues et d'extraction de l'huile, dans un objectif de réduction des coûts liés à l'industrialisation. Les experts estiment qu'une commercialisation est possible d'ici 3 à 6 ans avec un coût compétitif par rapport à celui du diesel issu du pétrole.

Les micro-algues adaptées à la production de biocarburants seront sélectionnées en fonction de leur teneur en lipides, leur vitesse de développement et leur tolérance à des milieux riches en oxygène. Plusieurs groupes taxonomiques sont à l'étude : des Chlorophycées (Chlorella, Parietochloris incisa), des Diatomées (Amphora sp., Nitzchia sp.) ou des Chrisophycées. Le process de fabrication de carburant à partir d'algues consiste à les cultiver dans des grandes cuves de fermentation industrielles (photobioréacteurs), à l'obscurité, et de les alimenter en continu avec un milieu nutritif contenant du glycérol et de la cellulose.

Plusieurs sociétés privées parviennent aujourd'hui à lever des sommes importantes pour développer des procédés de production. Green Fuel technologies, basée dans le Massachusetts a récemment collecté 13,9 millions de dollars grâce à la participation de trois sociétés de capital risque. Un autre projet d'usine pilote est déjà en cours dans la ville de Holland, dans l'Etat du Michigan (7 millions de dollars sollicités auprès du gouvernement fédéral) en collaboration avec le Michigan State University. Cette ville présenterait une localisation idéale pour la culture d'algues en milieu "ouvert" ; le pilote serait placé à proximité d'une usine de traitement d'eau afin de pouvoir réutiliser le dioxyde de carbone rejeté pour la croissance des algues. L'entreprise Petrosun travaille également sur un projet de construction d'usines dans l'Arizona. Enfin, l'entreprise Solazyme en Californie a annoncé, lors du Sommet global sur le climat organisé à Beverly Hills en novembre 2008, la sortie du premier biocarburant à partir d'algues : le Soladiesel RDTM.

En comparaison avec la filière cellulosique, il semble que les microalgues soient en passe de gagner cette course du biocarburant de nouvelle génération. En effet, le biodiesel issu des algues paraît aujourd'hui plus proche du stade de l'industrialisation que le bioéthanol obtenu à partir de sources ligno-cellulosiques.

Contacts : http://www.solazyme.com/

Mentions légales: BE Etats-Unis numéro 143 (21/11/2008) - Ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis / ADIT - http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/56731.htm

 

26/11   USA: a weed-powered passenger jet
http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/21700/?nlid=1527&a=f

Jet fuel made from an inedible plant will power an aircraft.


Power plants: Technicians at UOP examine equipment used to convert jatropha oil into jet fuel.

On December 3, a Boeing 747 belonging to Air New Zealand is scheduled to take off from Auckland, New Zealand, powered in part by a new type of jet fuel made from a weed. A mixture of equal parts biofuel and conventional fuel will run one of the plane's engines. The biofuel, which could help reduce carbon-dioxide emissions, was developed by UOP, a major supplier of technology for petroleum refining.

It's not the first time that an airliner has been powered by biofuel. What's new is the source of the biofuel: jatropha, a plant that, unlike current sources of biofuels, is not a food crop and can be grown in marginal agricultural land. In the past year, biofuels production has come under fire for contributing to a sharp rise in food prices by diverting grain and other foods for use in fuel. Jatropha provides a potential alternative to soybean oil and palm oil, which are now used as sources of biofuels.

UOP's new process is part of a larger effort by the company to find alternatives to petroleum, in light of increasing efforts by countries to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions. The company plans to license the technology to refiners, who could easily incorporate it into existing plants, since it's adapted from UOP's conventional petroleum refining process. The company developed new catalysts and added a couple of extra steps. For example, jatropha oil, unlike petroleum, contains oxygen. To make the oil into a hydrocarbon compatible with existing refining strategies, UOP included a step to add hydrogen gas, which removes the oxygen. (Other biofuels, such as biodiesel, don't take this step, which affects the performance of the fuel and can require changes to engines.) The resulting hydrocarbon molecules are then broken into shorter molecules through a common refining process called hydrocracking. During this process, the linear molecules are modified so that they have "kinks in the chain," says Jennifer Holmgren, the general manager of UOP's renewable-energy unit. That makes the resulting fuel less susceptible to freezing. The process produces a mixture of primarily jet fuel and diesel fuel.

Unlike many other biofuels, UOP's jatropha jet fuel can replace conventional fuel without requiring changes to existing engines. Indeed, by several measures, the fuel is better than conventional jet fuel. It has a lower freezing point and can be exposed to higher temperatures onboard a plane without degrading. It also contains slightly more energy than conventional jet fuel, so a plane powered by jatropha could travel farther.

After demonstrating the process at a small scale, UOP has now developed a pilot scale plant that produces thousands of gallons of fuel--enough for the commercial airliner demonstration. Holmgren predicts that production by refiners could quickly grow, reaching billions of gallons within five years.

Perhaps the biggest obstacle to reaching such levels will be acquiring enough of the jatropha feedstock. The perennial shrub hasn't been farmed, says Roy Beckford, a researcher at the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at the University of Florida, although initial efforts in this direction have started. "It's very much still an undomesticated crop, so yields are going to be variable," he says. "You cannot predict what is going to happen, as you can with domesticated crops like corn or soy."

Nevertheless, Beckford says that studies of jatropha shrubs, which can eventually grow to nearly 20 feet tall and can produce fruit for 50 years, suggest that even the worst plants will produce 100 gallons of oil per acre--significantly more than soybeans can. With cultivation and careful breeding, this could easily reach 600 or more gallons per acre--about as much as oil palms produce, he says. Once farmers start planting the shrubs, they will start producing oil in significant amounts in two years and reach maturity in three to four years--much faster than with palm. Harvesting the oil will likely be easy, Beckford says, by adapting machines made for harvesting crops such as olives and coffee.

Beckman says that jatropha can bring significant environmental benefits. It can replace jet fuel and diesel from petroleum without interfering with food crops or leading to the clearing of forests. "The good thing about jatropha is that you're producing a tree shrub that lives for a long time and does its job, producing oil, while it also sequesters lots of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere," he says.

Jatropha is not the only option for UOP, which has tested the process with other vegetable oils and says that it could be compatible with oil from algae as well. The company plans to start licensing the technology starting the first quarter of next year.

19/11   USA: Biodiesel flight across the U.S

http://www.sciam.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=biodisel-flight-across-the-us-2008-11-13&sc=DD_20081114




Making a few stops along the way,
BioJet 1 went 1,776 miles of a 2,486-mile journey from Reno, Nev., to Leesburg, Fla., exclusively on biodiesel. The fuel in question, made by Lake Erie Biofuels, was a blend of soy and animal fats turned to diesel.

The Aero L-29 jet kept the biodiesel from congealing at high altitude by continuously heating it—and landing every 300 miles or so to refuel. The flight is a proof of principle, according to Green Flight International CEO Doug Rodante, and is aimed at addressing the carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions from burning jet fuel -- roughly 3 percent of total worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, according to the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but released in a very bad spot—high in the atmosphere.

"In aviation, there is a tremendous
carbon output with jet airliners," Rodante told me. "Not enough is being done fast enough even though we are seeing ice sheets melting around us."

This past February,
Virgin Atlantic flew a Boeing 747 from London to Amsterdam on a blend of 20 percent coconut and babassu biofuel and 80 percent kerosene and Air New Zealand plans to fly on a 50–50 blend on December 3. That biofuel will be made by UOP Honeywell from jatropha, a woody shrub from Africa that produces oily seeds.

But
algae would be an even more sustainable source of the biofuel, because the tiny plants don't need to grow on land that could be used for food crops and can thrive on waste water. Green Flight International hopes to demonstrate such an algal jet fuel next. "Then," says CEO Doug Rodante, "we're going for the around the world."

  4/11   E: Turning waste olive stones into fuel

Olive stones can be turned into bioethanol, a renewable fuel that can be produced from plant matter and used as an alternative to petrol or diesel. This gives the olive processing industry an opportunity to make valuable use of 4 million tonnes of waste in olive stones it generates every year and sets a precedent for the recycling of waste products as fuels. Researchers from the Universities of Jaén and Granada in Spain show how this can be achieved in a study published in the latest edition of the Society of Chemical Industry's (SCI) Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology.
 
"The low cost of transporting and transforming olives stones make them attractive for biofuels," says researcher Sebastián Sánchez.
 
Bioethanol is increasingly used in cars, but its production from food crops such as corn is controversial because it uses valuable land resources and threatens food security. In addition, it makes use of only a small part of the whole crop. By contrast, extracting energy from olive stones uses food industry by-products.
 
The olive stone, produced in processing of olive oil and table olives, makes up around a quarter of the total fruit. It is rich in polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) that can be broken down into sugar and then fermented to produce ethanol.
 
"This research raises the possibility of using of olive stones, which would otherwise be wasted, in producing energy. In this way we can make use of the whole food crop," says Sánchez.
 
The team pre-treated olive stones using high-pressure hot water (essentially a pressure cooker) then added enzymes which degrade plant matter and generate sugars. The hydrolysate obtained from this process was then fermented with yeasts to produce ethanol. Yields of 5.7kg of ethanol per 100kg of olive stones have been reached,
 
The quantities of stones produced are relatively small in comparison with other agricultural and forestry wastes. However, if similar principles were employed across all agricultural industries, energy gains would be significant.
 
Contact: Jennifer Beal
wbnewseurope@wiley.com
44-012-437-70633
Wiley-Blackwell

 

17/9   F: Biocarburants 2ème génération: un projet pour développer une filière

PARIS (AFP) –

Un projet d'unité de fabrication de biocarburants de deuxième génération à base de bioéthanol, qui s'installera à Pomacle-Bazancourt, près de Reims, a été lancé jeudi avec un budget de 74 millions d'euros, ont indiqué ses responsables lors d'une conférence de presse.
Ce projet, baptisé Futurol, a reçu le soutien de la banque publique d'aide aux petites et moyennes entreprises Oseo qui apporte 30 millions d'euros, a déclaré Dominique Dutartre, président de Procethol 2G, la société qui porte le projet.
Le solde provient des partenaires de ce projet test qui vise à ne plus utiliser les productions agricoles (colza, tournesol, céréales, canne à sucre, etc) comme c'est le cas pour le biocarburants actuels pour se réorienter vers d'autres matières premières végétales qui n'empièteraient pas sur les terres dédiées à l'alimentation humaine.
"Ambitieux et à vocation international", Futurol est "le seul projet" dont l'objectif est de valider la filière complète, "du végétal à la roue", a ajouté M. Dutartre, avant de souligner la "compétition mondiale" qui prévaut sur ce secteur et notamment de la part des Etats-Unis.
Les représentants des betteraviers et céréaliers français font partie du tour de table, montrant ainsi leur intérêt pour cette filière qui devrait utiliser une partie de leurs résidus agricoles (pulpe de betterave, paille) comme matière première.
L'Office national des forêts (ONF) figure également parmi les partenaires avec l'objectif de représenter une "source d'approvisionnement majeure" alors que la forêt progresse de 40.000 hectares par an, a souligné Alain Le Berre, directeur du développement de l'ONF.
L'Institut national de recherche agronomique (Inra) et l'Institut français du pétrole (Ifp) sont présents au titre de la recherche.
Parmi les partenaires figurent également Total, le groupe agroalimentaire Tereos et la coopérative céréalière Champagne Céréales.
Le secteur financier est aussi partie prenante, via le Crédit agricole du Nord-Est, la confédération générale des planteurs de betteraves (CGB) et Unigrains, la société capital-risque des céréaliers français.
Le calendrier prévoit trois grandes étapes. Un pilote sera construit à l'automne 2008 sur le site agro-industriel de Pomacle-Bazancourt, dans la Marne, où existe déjà un important site production de bioéthanol de première génération.
Ce pilote permettra de produire au maximum 500 litres d'éthanol par jour jour, soit 180.000 litres par an.
Parallèlement une trentaine de chercheurs seront mobilisés sur l'élaboration d'enzymes et de levures, nécessaires au processus de production des biocarburants de deuxième génération, a indiqué Marion Guillou, PDG de l'Inra. Celle-ci a souligné l'importance des efforts de recherche encore à faire dans ce domaine.
En 2013, le projet Futurol devrait passer au stade de prototype afin de tester le procédé dans des conditions industrielles. L'objectif est de produire 3,5 millions de litres par an.
Enfin trois ans plus tard, si le procédé est validé, il sera mis sur le marché sous forme de licence internationale.
Ces biocarburants deuxième génération devraient être disponibles à la pompe "vers 2017 ou 2018", a affirmé à l'AFP Jean-Marc Sohier, directeur recherche Raffinage et marketing de Total.

 

 

29/4    New source for biofuels discovered

 
Cyanobacteria produce cellulose and sugars for conversion to ethanol and other biofuels

AUSTIN, Texas—A newly created microbe produces cellulose that can be turned into ethanol and other biofuels, report scientists from The University of Texas at Austin who say the microbe could provide a significant portion of the nation’s transportation fuel if production can be scaled up.
 
Along with cellulose, the cyanobacteria developed by Professor R. Malcolm Brown Jr. and Dr. David Nobles Jr. secrete glucose and sucrose. These simple sugars are the major sources used to produce ethanol.
 
“The cyanobacterium is potentially a very inexpensive source for sugars to use for ethanol and designer fuels,” says Nobles, a research associate in the Section of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics.
 
Brown and Nobles say their cyanobacteria can be grown in production facilities on non-agricultural lands using salty water unsuitable for human consumption or crops.
 
Other key findings include:

They recently published their research in the journal Cellulose.
 
Nobles made the new cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) by giving them a set of cellulose-making genes from a non-photosynthetic “vinegar” bacterium, Acetobacter xylinum, well known as a prolific cellulose producer.
 
The new cyanobacteria produce a relatively pure, gel-like form of cellulose that can be broken down easily into glucose.

“The problem with cellulose harvested from plants is that it’s difficult to break down because it’s highly crystalline and mixed with lignins [for structure] and other compounds,” Nobles says.
 
He was surprised to discover that the cyanobacteria also secrete large amounts of glucose or sucrose, sugars that can be directly harvested from the organisms.
 
“The huge expense in making cellulosic ethanol and biofuels is in using enzymes and mechanical methods to break cellulose down,” says Nobles.
 
“Using the cyanobacteria escapes these expensive processes.”
 
Sources being used or considered for ethanol production in the United States include switchgrass and wood (cellulose), corn (glucose) and sugarcane (sucrose). True algae are also being developed for biodiesel production.
 
Brown sees a major benefit in using cyanobacteria to produce ethanol is a reduction in the amount of arable land turned over to fuel production and decreased pressure on forests.

“The pressure is on all these corn farmers to produce corn for non-food sources,” says Brown, the Johnson & Johnson Centennial Chair in Plant Cell Biology. “That same demand, for sucrose, is now being put on Brazil to open up more of the Amazon rainforest to produce more sugarcane for our growing energy needs. We don’t want to do that. You’ll never get the forests back.”
 
Brown and Nobles calculate that the approximate area needed to produce ethanol with corn to fuel all U.S. transportation needs is around 820,000 square miles, an area almost the size of the entire Midwest.
 
They hypothesize they could produce an equal amount of ethanol using an area half that size with the cyanobacteria based on current levels of productivity in the lab, but they caution that there is a lot of work ahead before cyanobacteria can provide such fuel in the field. Work with laboratory scale photobioreactors has shown the potential for a 17-fold increase in productivity. If this can be achieved in the field and on a large scale, only 3.5 percent of the area growing corn could be used for cyanobacterial biofuels.
 
Cyanobacteria are just one of many potential solutions for renewable energy, says Brown.
 
“There will be many avenues to become completely energy independent, and we want to be part of the overall effort,” Brown says. “Petroleum is a precious commodity. We should be using it to make useful products, not just burning it and turning it into carbon dioxide.”
 

###

 

Brown and Nobles are now researching the best methods to scale up efficient and cost-effective production of cyanobacteria. Two patent applications, 20080085520 and 20080085536, were recently published in the United States Patent and Trade Office.
 
Dr. R. Malcolm Brown Jr.
512-471-3364
rmbrown@mail.utexas.edu
Dr. David Nobles
512-471-3364
dnobles@mail.utexas.edu
 
Contact :   Lee Clippard
lclippard@mail.utexas.edu
512-232-0675
University of Texas at Austin
 
 

4/2/2008  Eliminate biofuel or not?  

Last summer, the island of Lindau on Lake Constance was - for the 57th time - a meeting place for young and talented intellectuals. Coming from all over the world, the 567 young researchers met 18 Nobel prize-winners and representatives of various well-known university departments. This year, medicine was the main theme, but numerous medical biologists and chemists were also present since the results of their researches are often applicable to the field of medicine. The participants were selected by country according to strict criteria; normally, a young researcher will only have one chance of participating in the forum. But their research fields are sometimes so specific that it may be difficult for them to relate to what is discussed at Lindau. The Nobel prize-winners were free to choose their subject, even if it was controversial. The German Hartmut Michel, professor at the Max Planck Institute, laureate in 1988 for his work on photosynthesis, proposed that the EU regulation imposing the use of at least 5.75% biofuel by 2010 should be scrapped. "Photosynthesis is a very inefficient process. In intense light the losses are significant. At the end of the day, less than 1% of the sun's light is stored in the form For its production, harvesting and treatment, numerous traditional sources of energy are necessary. So much so that biofuel is anything but neutral in carbon emissions. To supply all Germany's energy needs, planting the whole country with first-generation plants would not be enough. With second-generation plants 57% of the area would be adequate." "For the production of bioethanol, 80-88% of the biofuel produced is used in growing and harvesting the plants, in the distillation of the alcohol, and in other chemical processes," explains Michel. "If the energy used for its production comes from oil, there is no reduction in carbon emissions at all," he continues. "It is mad to convert wood into biofuel. It is better to use it for heating houses. That is the way to save lots of oil." It should be noted that palm oil and soya bean oil are much more energy efficient than plants cultivated in Europe. The young researchers criticised Hartmut Michel for only putting forward his ideas at an intellectual forum rather than airing them in the political arena. Given his status as a Nobel prize-winner, the public authorities would not be able to ignore them. (MilieuDirect, Belgium, www.kluwer.be/kluwer/home.asp?doelid=3)

20/9/06   New fuels from bacteria

A breakthrough in the production of biofuels has been developed by scientists in Germany. Research published in the September 2006 issue of Microbiology, a Society for General Microbiology journal, describes how specially engineered bacteria could be used to make fuel completely from food crops.

“Biodiesel is an alternative energy source and a substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel,” explains Professor Steinbüchel of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster. “A growing number of countries are already making biodiesel on a large scale, but the current method of production is still costly”.

“Biodiesel production depends on plant oils obtained from seeds of oilseed crops like rapeseed or soy”, explains Professor Steinbüchel. “However, production of plant oils has a huge demand of acreage which is one of the main factors limiting a more widespread use of biodiesel today. In addition, biodiesel production must compete with the production of food, which also raises some ethical concerns”.

Microdiesel, as the scientists have named it, is different from other production methods because it not only uses the same plant oils, but can also use readily available bulk plant materials or even recycled waste paper if engineering of the production strain is more advanced.

Also, it does not rely on the addition of toxic methanol from fossil resources, like many other biodiesels. The bacteria developed for use in the Microdiesel process make their own ethanol instead. This could help to keep the costs of production down and means that the fuel is made from 100% renewable resources.

“Due to the much lower price of the raw materials used in this new process, as well as their great abundance, the Microdiesel process can result in a more widespread production of biofuel at a competitive price in the future”, says Professor Steinbüchel.

There is a growing number of fuels used in cars and homes that are produced with the help of microbes. UK ministers are considering doubling the targets for the amount of biofuels sold in Britain by 2015.

http://mic.sgmjournals.org/current.shtml

Microbiology 152 (2006), 2529-2536; DOI  10.1099/mic.0.29028-0
© 2006 Society for General Microbiology

Microdiesel: Escherichia coli engineered for fuel production

Rainer Kalscheuer1, Torsten Stölting and Alexander Steinbüchel

Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany

Correspondence
Alexander Steinbüchel
steinbu@uni-muenster.de

Biodiesel is an alternative energy source and a substitute ffor petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is produced from renewable biomass by transesterification of triacylglycerols from plant oils, yielding monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids with short-chain alcohols such as fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). Despite numerous environmental benefits, a broader use of biodiesel is hampered by the extensive acreage required for sufficient production of oilseed crops. Therefore, processes are urgently needed to enable biodiesel production from more readily available bulk plant materials like sugars or cellulose. Toward this goal, the authors established biosynthesis of biodiesel-adequate FAEEs, referred to as Microdiesel, in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. This was achieved by heterologous expression in E. coli of the Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase and the unspecific acyltransferase from Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1. By this approach, ethanol formation was combined with subsequent esterification of the ethanol with the acyl moieties of coenzyme A thioesters of fatty acids if the cells were cultivated under aerobic conditions in the presence of glucose and oleic acid. Ethyl oleate was the major constituent of these FAEEs, with minor amounts of ethyl palmitate and ethyl palmitoleate. FAEE concentrations of 1.28 g l–1 and a FAEE content of the cells of 26 % of the cellular dry mass were achieved by fed-batch fermentation using renewable carbon sources. This novel approach might pave the way for industrial production of biodiesel equivalents from renewable resources by employing engineered micro-organisms, enabling a broader use of biodiesel-like fuels in the future.

Abbreviations: FAEE, fatty acid ethyl ester; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; TAG, triacylglycerol; WS/DGAT, wax ester synthase/acyl-coenzyme A : diacylglycerol acyltransferase

1Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.